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Programming complexity (or software complexity) is a term that encompasses numerous properties of a piece of software, all of which affect internal interactions. According to several commentators, there is a distinction between the terms complex and complicated. Complicated implies being difficult to understand but with time and effort, ultimately knowable. Complex, on the other hand, describes the interactions between a number of entities. As the number of entities increases, the number of interactions between them would increase exponentially, and it would get to a point where it would be impossible to know and understand all of them. Similarly, higher levels of complexity in software increase the risk of unintentionally interfering with interactions and so increases the chance of introducing defects when making changes. In more extreme cases, it can make modifying the software virtually impossible. The idea of linking software complexity to the maintainability of the software has been explored extensively by Professor Manny Lehman, who developed his Laws of Software Evolution from his research. He and his co-Author Les Belady explored numerous possible Software Metrics in their oft cited book,〔MM Lehmam LA Belady; Program Evolution - Processes of Software Change 1985〕 that could be used to measure the state of the software, eventually reaching the conclusion that the only practical solution would be to use one that uses deterministic complexity models. ==Measures== Many measures of software complexity have been proposed. Many of these, although yielding a good representation of complexity, do not lend themselves to easy measurement. Some of the more commonly used metrics are * McCabe's cyclomatic complexity metric * Halsteads software science metrics * Henry and Kafura introduced Software Structure Metrics Based on Information Flow in 1981〔Henry, S.; Kafura, D. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Volume SE-7, Issue 5, Sept. 1981 Page(s): 510 - 518〕 which measures complexity as a function of fan in and fan out. They define fan-in of a procedure as the number of local flows into that procedure plus the number of data structures from which that procedure retrieves information. Fan-out is defined as the number of local flows out of that procedure plus the number of data structures that the procedure updates. Local flows relate to data passed to and from procedures that call or are called by, the procedure in question. Henry and Kafura's complexity value is defined as "the procedure length multiplied by the square of fan-in multiplied by fan-out" (Length ×(fan-in × fan-out)²). * A Metrics Suite for Object Oriented Design〔Chidamber, S.R.; Kemerer, C.F. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Volume 20, Issue 6, Jun 1994 Page(s):476 - 493〕 was introduced by Chidamber and Kemerer in 1994 focusing, as the title suggests, on metrics specifically for object oriented code. They introduce six OO complexity metrics; weighted methods per class, coupling between object classes, response for a class, number of children, depth of inheritance tree and lack of cohesion of methods There are several other metrics that can be used to measure programming complexity: * Branching complexity (Sneed Metric) * Data access complexity (Card Metric) * Data complexity (Chapin Metric) * Data flow complexity (Elshof Metric) * Decisional complexity (McClure Metric) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Programming complexity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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